{"id":92,"date":"2023-12-19T12:14:41","date_gmt":"2023-12-19T12:14:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/?page_id=92"},"modified":"2023-12-19T12:14:41","modified_gmt":"2023-12-19T12:14:41","slug":"klinefelter-syndrome","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/?page_id=92","title":{"rendered":"Klinefelter Syndrome"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Klinefelter syndrome is due to an extra copy of an X chromosome in males (47,XXY).&nbsp; Adult males have hypergonadotrophic hypo-gonadism and are invariably infertile.&nbsp; However, lifespan is normal and many males may never be diagnosed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Epidemiology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prevalence is ~1\/600\u20131\/800 male births<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There is a significant maternal age effect with 1\/300 at maternal age 43 years<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Clinical presentation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>47,XXY may present antenatally following chorionic villous sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Babies appear normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increased incidence of undescended testes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delayed puberty<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gynaecomastia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Infertility<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Physical signs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Males tend to have a taller final height (186cm 47,XXY vs. 176cm 46,XY)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gynaecomastia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increased carrying angle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Centripetal obesity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hypogonadism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Normal intelligence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Complications<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>IQ: usually only lower by 10-15 points compared to siblings. Overall intelligence is normal as an adult although ~60% will need some degree of additional educational help.&nbsp; The majority of patients tend to be passive and good natured<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cancer risk: there is no good evidence for a general increased risk of cancer although there is a 3% risk increase in breast cancer.&nbsp; There is a &lt;1% risk of primary germ cell tumour<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In adult life there is an increased risk of diabetes and cardio-vascular disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hypogonadism: delayed puberty, gynaecomastia, infertility<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osteoporosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Klinefelter syndrome is due to an extra copy of an X chromosome in males (47,XXY).&nbsp; Adult males have hypergonadotrophic hypo-gonadism and are invariably infertile.&nbsp; However, lifespan is normal and many males may never be diagnosed. Epidemiology Clinical presentation Physical signs Complications<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-92","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/92","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=92"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/92\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":93,"href":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/92\/revisions\/93"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.igclinic.ie\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=92"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}